Safety training is most effective when it involves training for the greatest variety of resources. Various resources include: emotional skills; mental accuracy and attitudinal effectiveness; nonagressive boundary skills; reinforcement for intuitive recognition of risk; and verbal and physical effectiveness... along with practice for the more traditional self-defense skills of physical defense. Courses may also include education addressing sexual violence and vulnerability from cultural, inter-cultural, and historical perspectives. A program that ignores the holistic needs of the audience is unlikely to have long-term effectiveness for individuals.